Materi TOEFL

TOEFL (Tes of English as a Foreign Language) adalah sebuah proficiency test, yaitu tes bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa asing yang menguji sampai sejauh mana kemampuan seseorang dalam penguasaan bahasa Inggrisnya tnpa dikaitkan dengan proses belajar – mengajar. Pada umumnya TOEFL terdiri atas tiga bagian, yaitu:

1.      Listening (Mendengarkan)

2.      Reading (Membaca)

3.      Structure (Tata Bahasa)

Oleh karena itu, masing-masing bagian memerlukan penguasaan tersendiri, walaupun skor TOEFL akan diakumulasikan dari ketiga bagian tersebut. Disini saya akan memberikan materi TOEFL yaitu, Causative dan

Causative

Causative berasal dari kata to cause yang berarti menyuruh atau menghimbau agar orang lain melakukan sesuatu. Kalimat causative verb terbagi menjadi dua macam, yaitu kausatif aktif dan pasif. Pada kalimat kata kerja kausatif aktif, agen (yang mengerjakan aksi) diketahui. Sebaliknya, pada kalimat kata kerja kausatif aktif, agen biasanya tidak disebutkan.

Ada 5 jenis causative yang perlu diketahui, yaitu: have, get, make, let, help

1.      To Have - Had – Had

Menginginkan seseorang mengerjakan sesuatu untuk subjek.

Active:

    have

Subject +  has  + Object + Verb1

     had

Passive:

    have

Subject +  has  + Object + Verb3

     had

Contoh:

Active: They have Ichwan buy the book.

Passive: He had his book returned as soon as possible.

Perhatikan jika setelah objek artinya aktif (membeli buku) kita menggunakan V1. Jika setelah objek artinya passive (buku ditukar) kita menggunakan V3.

2.      To get - got – got

Mirip dengan have namun dengan struktur kalimat yang berbeda.

Active:

                 get

Subject + gets + Object + to + Verb1

                got

Passive:

                 get

Subject + gets + Object + to + Verb3

                Got

Contoh:

Active: She got her parents to buy her a tennis racket.

Passive: Yulia got her bedroom cleaned.

3.      To make – made – made

Memaksa atau sangat meyakinkan seseorag untuk melakukan sesuatu.

                 make

Subject + makes + Object + Verb1

                 made

Contoh:

You make me cry.

He has made them work hard.

                 make

Subject + makes + Object + Adjective

                 made

Contoh:

My student made me happy.

The shopkeeper doesn’t have to make the customers disappointed.

4.      Let – let – let

Membiarkan seseorang melakukan sesuatu.

                 let

Subject + lets + Object + Verb1

                 let

Contoh:

She lets me go.

My boss will let the staff work overtime.

5.      To help – helped – helped

                 help

Subject +  helps  + Object + Verb1

                helped

Contoh:

My servant helped me clean the house.

                 help

Subject +  helps  + Object + to + Verb1

                helped

Contoh:

My servent helped me to clean the house.

Verb of Perception adalah Verb yang menggunakan indra kita.

For example:

Subject +   Verb of  + Object + to + Verb(ing)

                Perception

Contoh:

My father saw me cross the street.

We didn’t hear the rain fall.

Subject +   Verb of  + Object + to + Verb(ing)

                Perception

Contoh:

My father saw me crossing the street.

We didn’t hear the rain falling.

Latihan soal dan Pembahasan

1.      Susi made Andi ... his sandals before he went into her house

a.       Takes off

b.      Take off

c.       Took off

d.      Taken off

Jawaban: B

Pembahasan: kuncinya adalah dikata “made” kalimat ini merupakan kalimat causative made karena subjek (Susi) menyuruh orang lain (Andi) melakukan sesuatu. Jadi polanya adalah have/make + objek aktif (orang) + V1

2.      Ani      : what a nice dress! Did you make it yorself?

Ati       : Oh, I got it made

The underlined sentence means...

a.       Ati bought the dress

b.      Ati made the dress herself

c.       Ati had to maks her dress

d.      Someone made Ati’s dress

Jawaban: D

Pembahasan: “I got it made”. Kalimat ini termasuk causative made yang bermakna bahwa yang membuatkan baju Ati adalah orang lain.

Passice Voice

Seperti yang kita ketahui, kita mengenal kata kerja Intransitive dan Transitive.

1.      Intransitive

Kata kerja Intrasitive tidak membutuhkan objek: run, sleep, come, work.

Contoh:

My wife runs around my housing complex every morning.

Do you sleep at 10 pm?

Mr Yoyo has come.

Mr Parlin has worked at Ramayana for 15 years.

2.      Transitive

Kata kerja Transitive membutuhkan objek: drink, eat, buy, love, contact, talk to.

Contoh:

Mr Teguh drinks Coca Cola.

Rimna ate Kentucky yesterday.

I love my childern.

Please contact her.

We want to talk to our boss.

Jika kita ingin membuat kalimat Active menjadi Passive, objek dari kalimat Active akan menjadi Subject dari kalimat Passive.

Contoh:

Ali buys a book

A book adalah object. Jika ingin merubah menjadi kalimat passive, jangan lupa menggunakan to be is, am, are + Past Participle.

Contoh:

A book is bought by Ali

Cara mengubah Active Sentence menjadi Passive Sentence

1.      Simple Present Tense

S + tobe (is, am, are) + V3

Contoh:

Aktif: My mother always cleans the floor every morning.

Pasif: The flooris always cleaned by my mother every morning.

2.      Simple Past Tense

S + tobe (was, were) +V3

Contoh:

Aktif: Fadhila watched the movie in the theatre last night.

Pasif: The movie was watched by Fadhila in the theatre last night.

3.      Present Continuous Tense

S + (is, am, are) + Being + V3

Contoh:

Aktif: They are buying a book.

Pasif: A book is being bought.

4.      Past Continuous Tense

S + (was, were) + Being + V3

Contoh:

Aktif: They were buying a book.

Pasif: A book was being bought.

5.      Present Perfece Tense

S + (have, has) + been + V3

Contoh:

Aktif: The manager has interviewed some candidates

Pasif: Some candidates have been interviewed by the manager

6.      Past Perfece Tense

S + (had) + been + V3

Contoh:

Aktif: Carroll had made a good decision to leave Liverpool

Pasif: A good decision had been made by Carrol to leave Liverpool

7.      Modal Auxliary

Modals + be + V3

Modal Auxliary: will, shall, must, can, may (present modal) dan would, should, could, might (past modal).

Contoh:

Aktif: She should bring her phone to call her mom.

Pasif: her phone should be brought by her to call her mom.

8.      Accausative Verb

To be + V3

Macam-macam accausative verb: PRAWAN L (Plan, Require, Allow, Want/Wait, Ask, Need, Like).

Perhatikan pada pola kalimat accausative berikut ini:

Aktif: S + accausative verb + (object) + to V1

Pasif: S + accausative verb + (object) + to be V3

Contoh:

Aktif: I asked my secretary to answer the call.

Pasif: I asked the call to be answered by my secretary.

Latihan soal dan Pembahasan

1.      The professor instructed the students ... the essay without preparing an outline first.

a.       To not write

b.      Not to write

c.       Do not write

d.      To no write

Jawaban: B

Pembahasan: Kata “instruct” diikuti infinitive (to + verb). Bentuk negatif dibentuk dengan menambahkan not sebelum infinitive.

2.      By analyzing high pressure systems, front and influences, weather forecasters can determine the direction towards which ... to travel.

a.       A strom is expected

b.      Is expected a strom

c.       Is a strom expected

d.      An expected strom

Jawaban: A

Pembahasan: karena kalimat ini berbentuk pasif, pola kata kerjanya adalah be + V3

Sumber:

Sofyan, Fahmi. 2013. The Best English Grammar for Toefl

Kasmini, Mien and Siwi Kadarmo. 2016. Pocket Book TOEFL. Jakarta: Cmedia.